Skin care
Basic skin care does not involve use of expensive cosmetics & toiletries. One has to follow a very simple regime for skin care.
- Diet: A well-balanced, regular diet along with adequate amount of water is all that you need. One must avoid the so-called junk food, too much of starvation in the form of dieting & eating at odd irregular hours.
- Exercise: about 30 minutes of aerobics, walking, jogging or cycling at least five times a week is essential for a healthy skin.
Sun Protection: UVA & UVB rays could be harsh on the skin & cause photo damage in the form of increased pigmentation, freckles, premature aging & even skin cancers. Those with normal to dry skin can use a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 at least 20 minutes before sun exposure. People with oily skin should use an umbrella or a wide brimmed hat for sun protection.- Local skin care: the surface of the skin contains oil, dead cells, sweat, grime, dirt, grease & pollutants. If this is not removed, the skin looks dull & flaky. Cleansing is an important part of skin care & can be done with simple soaps or cleansers. The skin should be washed at least twice a day with soap & warm water. Deodorant soaps with antiseptic agents are good for oily skin. Super fatted soaps or glycerine-based soaps are good for dry & normal skin. For the skin to look healthy & glowing, its uppermost layer called stratum corneum should contain more than 10% of the total water content of the body. Thus, comes the role of a moisturizer. People with dry to normal skin should use a moisturizer twice a day after cleansing. Those with oily skin should be careful & use an oil free moisturizer only once a day.
Lastly, be gentle on your skin. Do not use harsh cosmetics. If you have a skin problem, seek professional advice.
CLEANSERS
A cleanser is one which removes dirt, sweat, sebum, micro-organisms (bacteria etc.), dead cells (stratum corneum) and make-up if used from the skin surface.
Cleansing comprises of three stages:
- Wetting.
- Emulsification and removal of grease.
- Rinsing.
Deeply ingrained dirt, particularly in the pores of the hair follicles and sweat glands can be removed by warming the skin with hot water or a mild steam bath.
Normal pH of the skin is 4.5 to 5.5, this acidic pH changes to alkaline due to application of cleanser and gives a feeling of freshness in the skin.
Types of cleansers:
- Soaps and cleansing bars: They are derived from fatty acids and tri-glycerides (fats and oils).
Routine bars.
Deodorant or anti-microbicidal bars:
These have an added anti-bacterial agent to eradicate bacteria. These soaps have a pH between 9 – 10 and may cause skin irritation. They are good for oily skin. - Moisturising base:
These have moisturising agents like lanolin or glycerine. Their pH is between 5 – 7, thus they are non-irritant. They are good for dry skin. Functions:
- Soaps help cleansing, perfume the bath, softens the water, forms lather and gives the skin a cool and fresh feeling.
2. Lipid free cleansers / Face wash:
- These contain water, glycerine, and acetyl alcohol and do not contain any fat. They clean without soap formation and leave a thin moisturising film. They are good for sensitive and photo aged skin.
3. Cleansing creams:
- They are oil based products which remove grease and cosmetics on the skin by dissolving it in more oil. They are good for dry skin.
4. Cleansing Lotion:
- It is a water based product and is good for normal and dry skin. Since it is water based, it can be easily rinsed with water. It is commonly sold as pore cleanser.
5. Exfoliants:
- Help in removing dead cells (stratum corneum cells) from the skin.
6. Abrasive scrubs:
- They aid in removing dead cells and control excess sebum secretion. They are mechanical exfoliants made of granules in form of Aluminum oxide, ground fruit pits etc.
7. Cleansing masks / packs:
- Setting masks – containing Fuller’s earth (‘Multani Mitti’).
- Peel-off masks – containing gel and latex.
- Non-setting masks – containing cold cream or oil packs.
Setting and peel-off masks achieve cleansing, exfoliation and skin-tightening. They also refresh the skin. Non-setting masks only clean the skin.
MOISTURISERS
For the skin to remain normal and fresh, the upper most layers, namely the stratum corneum should contain more than 10% of the total water content. In places with tropical climate like India, heat, sun-rays and pollution tend to dry the skin. Thus, use of a moisturiser becomes essential.Basic components of moisturisers are:
- Occlusive oils: They retard water loss from the skin.
- Humectants: They increase the water content of the skin by absorbing water from the environment and lower layers of skin.
- Hydrophilic matrices: They prevent water loss and have a soothing action.
- Others: Water, sun-screens, emulsifying agents, preservatives, fragrances and colouring agents.
- Special additives: Ceramides, Vitamins, EFA’s, Aloe Vera, Urea, Lactic acid, Alfa-hydroxyl acids, collagen, Elastin and Hyaluronic acid.
A moisturiser should be used after bath on a moist skin surface. One may even use a sun-screen during the day and a moisturiser at bed time.
People with normal or dry skin can use both creams and lotions which have water in oil emulsion.
Those with oily skin should avoid using creams. Lotions with oil in water formulations are best suited for oily skin.
SHAMPOOS AND CONDITIONERS
Hair is aesthetically a very important part of the human body. All of us desire to have smooth, soft and lustrous hair. This is done with use of shampoos and conditioners.
It is important to understand one’s hair type to make the right choice of shampoos and conditioners.
- Normal
- Dry: This type may be a result of a. Lack of sebum. b. Environmental factors like sunlight, wind, sea water, chlorinated water (as in swimming pool). c. Chemical treatment like hair colouring d. Mechanical injury such as straightening and perming
- Oily or greasy hair: This happens because of excessive sebum secretion from sebaceous glands in the scalp.
SHAMPOOS
Shampoo is a suitable detergent for washing hair, removing sebum, sweat, dirt and dead cells present on the hair shaft and scalp.
TYPES OF SHAMPOOS
A.BASIC SHAMPOOS
- Normal hair shampoos: They achieve good cleansing with minimum conditioning.
- Oily hair shampoos: They give excellent cleansing and very minimal conditioning.
- Dry hair shampoos: They cause mild cleansing and good conditioning. They reduce static electricity and make the hair more manageable.
- Damaged hair shampoos: Meant for hair which have been chemically treated with hair colour, bleaching agents or hair straig
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